The logo of The Scholar & Feminist Online

Issue 22.1 | Fall 2026 — Counterlistenings: Sound, Power, Resistance

Protected: Sounds of Dispossession: Hindutva Pop and the Management of the Audible in Kashmir

This content is password-protected. To view it, please enter the password below.

Works Cited

“A Delhi Restaurant Is Offering an Article 370 Thali! Here’s All You Want to Know,” The Times of India, September 6, 2019, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/a-delhi-restaurant-is-offering-an-article-370-thali-heres-all-you-want-to-know/photostory/71006322.cms.

“‘Article 370 Gone, A New Age Awaits Jammu and Kashmir’: PM Modi’s Top Quotes,” NDTV, August 8, 2019, https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-article-370-gone-bright-future-ahead-for-jammu-and-kashmir-2082422.

Ahmed, Sara. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. Routledge, 2013.

Anderson, Perry. The Indian Ideology. Three Essays Collective, 2012.

Anuradha Paudwal Official. “Maa Jagdambe Veer Jawanon Ko Aisa Vardaan Do.” August 14, 2014. YouTube, 4:11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkR1CHlt2wQ&list=RDbkR1CHlt2wQ&start_radio=1.

Assayag, Jackie. “The Body of India: Geography, Ritual, Nation.” Etnográfica. Revista do Centro em Rede de Investigação em Antropologia 1, no. 1 (1997): 33–56.

Baishya, Anirban K. “Violent Spectating: Hindutva Music and Audio-visualizations of Hate and Terror in Digital India.” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 19, no. 3 (2022): 289–309.

Banaji, Shakuntala. “Vigilante Publics: Orientalism, Modernity and Hindutva Fascism in India.” Javnost – The Public 25, no. 4 (2018): 333–50.

Banerjee, Sikata. “Hindu Muscular Nationalism: Politicized Hinduism and Manhood in India.” In The Routledge Handbook of Religion, Gender and Society, edited by Caroline Starkey and Emma Tomalin. Routledge, 2021.

Basu, Anustup. Hindutva as Political Monotheism. Duke University Press, 2020.

BBC. “Inside the World’s Most Dangerous Prison.” BBC News. October 15, 2020. Video, 4:41.https://www.bbc.com/news/inside-the-worlds-most-dangerous-prison.

Bernier, François. Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 1656-1668. Archibald Constable and Company, 1891.

Bhan, Mona. “Infrastructures of Occupation: Mobility, Immobility, and the Politics of Integration in Kashmir.” In Kashmir and the Future of South Asia, edited by Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal. Routledge, 2020.

Bhat, Adnan. “‘Kashmir Women are the Biggest Victims of this Inhumane Siege.’” Aljazeera, August 21, 2019.https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2019/8/21/kashmir-women-are-the-biggest-victims-of-this-inhumane-siege.

Bhattacharya, Dipankar. “RSS and the Global Far-Right: Expanding Links, Growing Ambition.” The Wire, August 19, 2024. https://thewire.in/communalism/rss-and-the-global-far-right-expanding-links-growing-ambition.

Biddle, Ian. “Quiet Sounds and Intimate Listening: The Politics of Tiny Seductions.” In Sound, Music, Affect: Theorizing Sonic Experience, edited by Marie Thompson and Ian Biddle. Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.

Birdsall, Carolyn. Nazi Soundscapes: Sound, Technology and Urban Space in Germany, 1933–1945. Amsterdam University Press, 2012.

Blake, Iris Sandjette. “The Vocal Apparatus’ Colonial Contexts.” In Sonic Histories of Occupation: Experiencing Sound and Empire in a Global Context, edited by Russell Skelchy and Jeremy E. Taylor. Bloomsbury Academic, 2022.

Brosius, Christiane. Empowering Visions: The Politics of Representation in Hindu Nationalism. Anthem Press, 2004.

Casolari, Marzia. In the Shadow of the Swastika: The Relationships Between Indian Radical Nationalism, Italian Fascism, and Nazism. Routledge, 2020.

Chaudhuri, Pooja, and Pratik Sinha. “Did BBC, Al Jazeera, Reuters Fabricate Reports of Unrest in Kashmir?” Alt News, August 13, 2019. https://www.altnews.in/did-bbc-al-jazeera-reuters-fabricate-reports-of-unrest-in-kashmir/.

Chaudhuri, Pooja, and Yong Xiong. “YouTube Hosts Hindutva Pop Videos That Violate Its Hate Policies, Auto-Generates More.” Columbia Journalism Review, March 8, 2023. https://www.cjr.org/tow_center/youtube-allows-hindutva-pop-videos-that-violate-its-hate-policies-auto-generates-more.php.

Chauhan, Saurabh. “Bhojpuri Songs Talk about Marrying Kashmiri Women, Buying Land in Valley.” Hindustan Times, August 23, 2019. https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/bhojpuri-songs-talk-about-marrying-kashmiri-women-buying-land-in-valley/story-HxSR7vtjrgHwvZoJE2lkzH.html.

Cusick, Suzanne G. “Music as Torture/Music as Weapon.” In The Auditory Culture Reader, edited by Michael Bull and Les Back. Routledge, 2020.

Daughtry, J. Martin. Listening to War: Sound, Music, Trauma, and Survival in Wartime Iraq. Oxford University Press, 2015.

Dasgupta, Piyasree. “‘Get A Wife From Kashmir’: Article 370 News Has Sparked A Horrible Wave Of Misogyny.”Huffpost, August 6, 2019. https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/article-370-kashmir-women-tiktok_in_5d494898e4b0d291ed064107.

Dev, Atul. “Manufacturing Normalcy: How the Indian media covered Kashmir.” The Caravan, December 1, 2019. https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/hindutva-pop-hate.

Dua, Mansi. “Sound and Fury: The Voices Creating Aggressive Hindutva’s Soundtrack.” The Indian Express, January 20, 2019. https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/aggressive-hindutva-soundtrack-fury-internet-5545915/

Dutta, Aniruddha. “Nation, Liberalisation and Film Songs: Technology and Hybridisation in Contemporary Hindi Film Music.” Wide Screen 1, no. 1 (2009): 1–11.

Eck, Diana L. “The Imagined Landscape: Patterns in the Construction of Hindu Sacred Geography.” Contributions to Indian Sociology 32, no. 2 (1998): 165–88.

Express Web Desk. “Independence Day 2019 Song ‘Watan’ Is a Tribute to ‘New India’.” The Indian Express, August 15, 2019. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/independence-day-2019-song-watan-is-a-tribute-to-new-india-5904346/.

Falak, Uzma. “Resisting the Clockwork of Occupation: Thinking through Ruptures.” English Language Notes 61, no. 2 (2023): 69–85.

Fowler, Danielle. “Cadbury Launches Four-in-One Chocolate Bar to Promote Diversity in India.” Yahoo! Life, August 23, 2019. https://uk.style.yahoo.com/cadbury-unity-bar-india-150440307.html.

Gillespie, Liam. “Nationalist Soundscapes: The Sonic Violence of the Far Right.” The British Journal of Criminology 65, no. 1 (2025): 147–62.

Hartman, Saidiya V. Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America. Oxford University Press, 1997.

H D. “बहु कश्मीर की लानी | Article 370 | New Haryanvi Song 2019 |.”August 6, 2019. YouTube, 2:51. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aV22r1hUmpA&list=RDaV22r1hUmpA&start_radio=1.

Javaid, Azaan. “J&K Police Now Deploys Drones to Map Srinagar and Conduct ‘Surveillance’ in Valley.” The Print, January 20, 2020. https://theprint.in/india/jk-police-now-deploys-drones-to-map-srinagar-and-conduct-surveillance-in-valley/352248/

Jha, Lata. “Article 370: Film Producers Scramble to Register Related Titles.” Mint, August 6, 2019. https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/article-370-film-producers-scramble-to-register-related-titles-1565091595193.html.

Joshi, Shamani. “West Bengal Has the Highest Number of People Googling ‘Marry Kashmir Girl’.” Vice, August 8, 2019.https://www.vice.com/en/article/west-bengal-india-has-the-highest-number-of-people-googling-marry-kashmir-girl/.

Kabir, Ananya Jahanara. Territory of Desire: Representing the Valley of Kashmir. University of Minnesota Press, 2009.

Kanjwal, Hafsa. Colonizing Kashmir: State-Building under Indian Occupation. South Asia in Motion. Stanford University Press, 2023.

Kathju, Junaid. “Summoned, Raided, Censored: Crackdown on Journalists Is the New Normal in Kashmir.” The Wire, September 22, 2021. https://thewire.in/media/summoned-raided-censored-crackdown-on-journalists-is-the-new-normal-in-kashmir.

Kavi Singh Official. “धारा 370 : कवि सिंह | Dhara 370 Patriotic Song 2023 | New Deshbhakti Song 2023 | Kavi Singh Official.” August 6, 2019. YouTube, 4:10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG7-9ggH8w0&list=RDaG7-9ggH8w0&start_radio=1

Kazi, Seema. “Women, Gender Politics, and Resistance in Kashmir.” Socio-Legal Review 18 (2022): 95-117.

Kesavan, Mukul. “India is Witnessing the Slow-Motion Rise of Fascism.” The Guardian, September 8, 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/sep/08/india-slow-motion-rise-of-fascism.

Khan, Furkan Latif. “India’s Modi Defends Moves in Kashmir as Lockdown Continues.” NPR, August 15, 2019. https://www.npr.org/2019/08/15/751416989/indias-modi-defends-moves-in-kashmir-as-lockdown-continues.

Krishna, Sankaran. “Cartographic Anxiety: Mapping the Body Politic in India.” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 19, no. 4 (1994): 507–21.

“Latest Haryanvi Song ‘370’ Sung By Nardev Bainiwal.” The Times of India. August 13, 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/haryanvi/latest-haryanvi-song-370-sung-by-nardev-bainiwal/videoshow/70654988.cms.

Laxmi Dubey Official. “Har Gahr Bhagwa Chhayega Bhag 1 | हर घर भगवा छाएगा भाग 1 | Laxmi Dubey | Laxmi Dubey Official.” September 25, 2020. YouTube, 5:36. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWusT_s4W3E&list=RDCWusT_s4W3E&start_radio=1.

Maa Janki Series – Bhakti. “लाईब कश्मीर से दुल्हनिया – #Laib Kashmir Se Dulhaniya – Viswanath Anand का जोरदार भोजपुरीगीत 2019.” August 9, 2019. YouTube, 3:21. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UhhjotPesjg&list=RDUhhjotPesjg&start_radio=1.

Manuel, Peter. Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India. University of Chicago Press, 1993.

———. “Music, the Media, and Communal Relations in North India, Past and Present.” In Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India, edited by David Ludden. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.

Massumi, Brian. Ontopower: War, Powers, and the State of Perception. Duke University Press, 2015.

Menon, Annapurna. “Debunking Hindutva Appropriation of Decolonial Thought.” Interfere: Journal for Critical Thought and Radical Politics 3 (2022): 36–57.

Moore, Thomas. Lalla Rookh: An Oriental Romance. Leavitt & Allen, 1817.

Moreton-Robinson, Aileen. The White Possessive: Property, Power, and Indigenous Sovereignty. University of Minnesota Press, 2015.

Mushtaq, Samreen and Mudasir Amin. “‘We Will Memorise Our Home’: Exploring Settler Colonialism as an Interpretive Framework for Kashmir.” Third World Quarterly 42, no. 12 (2021): 3012–29.

Nehru, Jawaharlal. The Unity of India Collected Writings 1937-1940. Lindsay Drummond, 1941.

Observer News Service. “J&K Has Emerged as One of the Fastest-Growing UTs: LG.” Kashmir Observer, December 17, 2022. https://kashmirobserver.net/2022/12/17/jk-has-emerged-as-one-of-the-fastest-growing-uts-lg/.

Osuri, Goldie. “Combat Memories of an ‘Undivided India’: Kashmir and Bharat Mata.” Keynote lecture, South Asian Studies Association Symposium, Newcastle, Australia, 2022.

———. Settler/Colonialism in Kashmir: Sovereignty, Catastrophe, Indigeneity. Manchester University Press, 2026.

Ouzounian, Gascia. “Counterlistening.” English Studies in Canada 46, no. 2-4 (2023).

Patch, Justin. “Notes on Deconstructing the Populism: Music on the Campaign Trail, 2012 and 2016.” American Music34, no. 3 (2016): 365–401.

Parker, James E. K. Acoustic Jurisprudence: Listening to the Trial of Simon Bikindi. Oxford University Press, 2015.

Parker, James E. K. and Joel Stern, eds. “Eavesdropping.” In Eavesdropping: A Reader. City Gallery Wellington, 2019.

PIB India. “‘Watan’ – A musical video song that celebrate New India.” August 13, 2019. YouTube, 4:46. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXYwUauq4cc.

“PM Modi’s Speech Had Calming Effect, J&K Situation Peaceful: Satya Pal Malik,” India Today, August 9, 2019, 11:36 p.m. IST, https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-news-live-updates-jammu-modi-pakistan-mea-1578963-2019-08-09.

Poem Vartaa. “Ye Kashmir Humara Hai I Section 370 I Dhara 370 Song | Kashmir Song.” August 9, 2019, YouTube, 3:54. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEbpdPKNrEc.

Press Trust of India. “No Major Incident of Law and Order Violation in Kashmir: Officials.” NDTV, August 20, 2019. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-major-incident-of-law-and-order-violation-in-kashmir-life-returning-to-normal-officials-2087415.

Press Trust of India. “PM Modi Is Incarnation of God Like Lord Ram and Lord Krishna, Born to End Despair: MP Minister.” The Print, January 18, 2022. https://theprint.in/india/pm-modi-is-incarnation-of-god-like-lord-ram-and-lord-krishna-born-to-end-despair-mp-minister/806179/.

Purohit, Kunal. H-Pop: The Secretive World of Hindutva Pop Stars. Gurugram: HarperCollins, 2023.

Purohit, Kunal, Tavishi, and Hamaad Meer. Profiting from Hate Music: The Role of YouTube, Meta, Spotify and Apple Music in Hosting and Monetizing India’s Hate Music Industry. Center for the Study of Organized Hate, June 15, 2026.

Rajagopal, Arvind. Politics after Television: Hindu Nationalism and the Reshaping of the Public in India. Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Rajput, Sandeep. “Kasmeer Se Dulhaniya Laibe Ae Maai Re.” August 12, 2019, YouTube, 4:06. Video no longer available. Accessed July 24, 2020. Copy in author’s possession.

Rai, Mridu. Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir. Princeton University Press, 2004.

Ramaswamy, Sumathi. “Maps and Mother Goddesses in Modern India.” Imago Mundi 53, no. 1 (2001): 97–114.

Ratcliffe, Rebecca. “Five Civilians Killed in Kashmir since Crackdown, Says Army.” The Guardian, September 4, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/04/civilians-killed-kashmir-crackdown-army-india.

Rehman, Asad. “Now Anyone Can Get Married to a Fair Kashmiri Girl: BJP MLA.” The Indian Express, August 7, 2019.https://indianexpress.com/article/india/now-anyone-can-get-married-to-a-fair-kashmiri-girl-bjp-mla-5884310/.

Robinson, Dylan. Hungry Listening: Resonant Theory for Indigenous Sound Studies. University of Minnesota Press, 2020.

Sachdev, Anandit. “The Anatomy and Political Currency of Indian Sound Systems.” CTM Festival. June 2024. https://www.ctm-festival.de/magazine/the-anatomy-and-political-currency-of-indian-sound-systems.

Sakunia, Samriddhi. “A Hindu Rashtra OST: The Hindutva Pop Singers Fuelling a Politics of Hate.” The Caravan, June 30, 2022. https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/hindutva-pop-hate.

Sarkar, Tanika. “Semiotics of Terror: Muslim Children and Women in Hindu Rashtra.” Economic and Political Weekly 37, no. 28 (2002): 2872–76.

Siddiqui, Zeba. “Indian Men Who See New Policy as Chance to Marry Kashmiri Women Accused of Chauvinism.”Reuters, August 9, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/world/indian-men-who-see-new-policy-as-chance-to-marry-kashmiri-women-accused-of-chauv-idUSKCN1UY113/.

Simpson, Leanne Betasamosake, and Naomi Klein. “Dancing the World into Being: A Conversation with Idle No More’s Leanne Simpson.” Yes! Magazine, March 5, 2013. https://www.yesmagazine.org/peace-justice/dancing-the-world-into-being-a-conversation-with-idle-no-more-leanne-simpson.

Sinha, Manoj. “The Rise of Kashmir: Three Years after Break from Past, It Is Moving Forward, Becoming Destination for Tourists and Businesses.” The Indian Express, August 6, 2022. https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-rise-of-kashmir-3-years-after-break-from-past-moving-forward-8073609/.

Skaria, Ajay. “Why Hindutva Is a Racist Supremacism – Not Merely Communalism or Majoritarianism.” The Wire, September 10, 2021. https://thewire.in/politics/why-hindutva-is-a-racist-supremacism-not-a-communalism-or-majoritarianism.

Special Correspondent, “Haryana CM Khattar Stokes Controversy with Remark on Kashmiri Women,” The Hindu, August 10, 2019, https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/haryana-cm-khattar-stokes-controversy-with-remark-on-kashmiri-women/article28973262.ece.

Sonotek. “Dhara 370 | अब कश्मीर में तिरंगा लहरायेगा | Latest Haryanvi Songs Haryanvi 2019.” August 5, 2019. YouTube, 3:29. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKtMwjlV8Ow&list=RDmKtMwjlV8Ow&start_radio=1.

Sykes, Jim. “Ontologies of Acoustic Endurance: Rethinking Wartime Sound and Listening.” Sound Studies 4, no. 1 (2018): 35–60.

Truschke, Audrey. “Hindutva Appropriations of Indigeneity.” The Immanent Frame, October 19, 2022. https://tif.ssrc.org/2022/10/19/hindutva-appropriations-of-indigeneity/.

Udupa, Sahana. “Enterprise Hindutva and Social Media in Urban India.” Contemporary South Asia 26, no. 4 (2018): 453–67.

Venugopal, Vasudha. “How RSS Band Plans to Bring More ‘Harmony’ into its Fold.” The Economic Times, December 12, 2015. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-rss-band-plans-to-bring-more-harmony-in-to-its-fold/articleshow/50145162.cms?from=mdr.

Vsk Jaipur. “Live RSS Swargovindam Jaipur 2017, Ghosh Pradarshan & Pujya Sarsanghchalak Dr. Mohan Bhagwat Ji Speech.” November 5, 2017. YouTube, 1:56:59. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BnitwtXAxw.

Weizman, Eyal. Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation. Verso Books, 2024.

Wilson, Kalpana, Giti Chandra, and Lata Narayanaswamy. “Contested Development Imaginaries: Hindutva and the Co-optation of ‘Decolonisation.’” EADI Blog, August 4, 2023. https://www.eadi.org/news-archive/2023.

Young, Alison. “Listening Criminologically: On the Materiality and Relationality of Sound.” Criminological Encounters 6, no. 1 (2023): 146–56.

Zaffar, Hanan, and Danish Pandit. “Hindutva Pop Is the New Soundtrack to the Anti-Muslim Movement in India.” Time, December 20, 2022. https://time.com/6242156/hindutva-pop-music-anti-muslim-violence-india/.

Zargar, Haris, and Goldie Osuri. “The Distinct Dispossessions of Indian Settler Colonialism in Kashmir: Land, Narrative and Indigeneity.” Development and Change 54, no. 6 (2023): 1399–1424.

Zia, Ather. “The Specter of Gender Discrimination in the Removal of Kashmir’s Autonomy.” Association for Political and Legal Anthropology, September 1, 2020. https://politicalandlegalanthro.org/2020/09/01/the-specter-of-gender-discrimination-in-the-removal-of-kashmirs-autonomy/.

Read More from This Issue

The Scholar & Feminist Online

Privacy Overview

This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.