Sherrill Grace,
"Inventing Mina Benson Hubbard: From her 1905 Expedition
across Labrador to her 2005 Centennial (and Beyond)"
(page 7 of 7)
In conclusion, I offer the following observations. The first,
inevitably, concerns my own work on the edition because three-and-a-half
years after I had tried to nail down all my annotations to the text, I
received confirmation from experts in the Mushuau dialect of the Innu
language and their culture that a particular term, wenastica,
that had defied all my tracking efforts probably referred to a
food made from the contents of a caribou stomach; this substance was
rich in vitamins and was traditionally fed to starving people before
more substantial foods could be digested.[6]
The moral of this story is
that an editor's work is never done, that white southerners adopt native
words without naming their source and that only northerners—in the case
of this word and text—can unravel the mystery, and that it is usually
impossible to get back through time and language to Truth. Fortunately,
the paperback of my edition of Mina's book appeared in 2007 and I was
able to add this tiny piece of information. My second observation is
that my edition, like this article, is one part of a discursive
formation about the North and, more particularly, about a woman's place
in the narrative of northern exploration. By telling her story and by
putting her book back into circulation, I have reinserted her, that is,
my invention of her, into this continuous narrative. My next
observation is that Mina has become what I call an iconic figure within
the Canadian imaginary. She stands for female success against the most
challenging odds, not of the land but of public opinion; she has been
transformed into a metaphor for what white southern Canadians see as the
dangerous, seductive, beautiful but deadly and temperamental North. As
of June 2005, the centennial, the re-enactment and the play, she became
a symbol—to the northerners, the "Liveyers" of Labrador—of home and of
qualities they value highly: reverence for the land, respect for elders,
especially native elders, conjugal love and fidelity, courage without
complaint, survival, and community. However, with the April 2007
television broadcast of Vic Pelletier's film "Mina et Hubbard: L'amour
qui fait voyager," those qualities of female success and love of the
northern landscape were extended beyond Labrador to the entire nation:
Mina's story becomes a story about "Canada en amour."
Finally, I can say with conviction, that my work, like the work of
Mina's biographer Anne Hart, whose book was launched at the centennial,
has added layers to the invention of Mina as smart, feisty, successful,
passionately devoted to Canada, its North, and to her own self-discovery
as an explorer. She was a woman of her time in many ways, but she was
also ahead of her time, and this contributes to her lasting appeal.
Almost one hundred years ago, in her review of A Woman's Way,
Jean Graham expressed the hope that the "Canadian public may someday
honour a woman whose claim to recognition rests on pluck and brains"
(471). And we have honoured her, albeit not by recounting the
expedition facts because her map has been superseded, the landscape she
travelled has been altered irrevocably, overgrown with dense brush,
flooded to build hydro-electric dams, and over-flown by military
aircraft, and the Innu people have been forced into unhealthy
settlements. We honour her by continuing to tell her story, by
imagining ourselves following in her footsteps, by inventing her as
something of a northern icon striding down her Labrador trail, over the
hills, and on to the beckoning waters of an imagined Lake Michickamau.
Works Cited
Baikie, June. "Mina's Song." Unpublished play script. 2005.
Davidson, James West and John Rugge. Great Heart: The History of
a Labrador Adventure. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press,
1988.
Grace, Sherrill. Making Theatre: A Life of Sharon Pollock.
Vancouver: Talonbooks, 2008.
——. Canada and the Idea of North. 2001. Montreal:
McGill-Queen's University Press, 2007.
——. "Mina's Song" and the Inventing of Mina Benson
Hubbard." Canadian Theatre Review 128 (Fall 2006): 115-20.
——. Inventing Tom Thomson. Montreal: McGill-Queen's UP,
2004.
——. Ed. A Woman's Way Through Unknown Labrador by Mina Benson
Hubbard. 1908. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2004.
Graham, Jean. "Woman's Sphere." Canadian Magazine 31
(September 1908): 468-71.
Hart, Anne, with Roberta Buchanan and Brian Greene. The Woman Who
Mapped Labrador. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005.
Johnstone, Tiffany. "The Language of Faith and American
Exceptionalism in The Lure of the Labrador Wild." Newfoundland
and Labrador Studies 21.2 (2006): 1719-26.
Klein, Clayton. Challenge the Wilderness: The Legend of George
Elson. Fowlerville, MI: Wilderness Adventure Books, 1988.
"Mina et Hubbard: L'amour qui fait voyager." Canada en Amour.
Productions Vic Pelletier. April 2007. www.pvp.ca/cea.
Nora, Pierre. "Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de
Mémoire." Trans. Marc Roudebush. Representations 26
(Spring 1989): 7-25.
Pratt, Alexandra. Lost Lands, Forgotten Stories: A Woman's Journey
to the Heart of Labrador. Toronto: HarperCollins, 2002.
Roy, Wendy. Maps of Difference: Canada, Women, and Travel.
Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005.
Silvis, Randall. Heart So Hungry: The Extraordinary Expedition of
Mina Hubbard into the Labrador Wilderness. Toronto: Knopf, 2004.
Endnotes
1. All quotations from dated entries in the
journal that Mina kept during her voyage can be read in Roberta
Buchanan's transcription published in The Woman Who Mapped
Labrador; see Hart, Buchanan, and Greene. [Return to text]
2. For a discussion of Wallace and of Mina's
plans, see my introduction to A Woman's Way, Hart's biography,
and Johnstone's analysis of Wallace's American ideology. [Return to text]
3. "Mina et Hubbard," the tele-film about Mina, is
part of the Canada en Amour series produced for Radio Canada by
Vic Pelletier and it was aired in April 2007. This film, part
documentary and part dramatic recreation of Mina's story involves
sequences taken when the film crew camped, canoed, and filmed along the
George River, and in the evenings the young woman member of the crew is
filmed reading Mina's book. This combination of documentary,
interviews, and drama underscores the relevance of Mina's story and the
northern landscape for contemporary audiences. Anne Henderson is making
a documentary film about Mina and she was on location in Labrador during
the 2005 centennial. Jean Desormeaux of Coolbrook Productions in
Ontario has created a script for a film about Mina's life that promises
to be an interesting dramatic reconstruction of her expedition and her
relationship to Leonidas and to Labrador. [Return to text]
4. For a full discussion of the newspaper reaction
to Mina's expedition, see my introduction to A Woman's Way
(xxiii-xxx); a complete list of the sources consulted is provided in my
bibliography. [Return to text]
5. During my visit to Northwest River, I was
impressed with the strong sense of community identity and pride evident
amongst both the settler and indigenous populations. Many of the
Liveyers spoke eagerly about their memories of Mina and their views
about her character and place in their history. They were welcoming to
those of us from away but they were also patiently sceptical about our
ability to understand Labrador or to appreciate the full significance of
their history. [Return to text]
6. The word given by Mina, transcribing her dead
husband's journal, is "wenastica" (see A Woman's Way 186, 250).
I am immensely grateful Dr Iain Taylor, Dr Kate Frego, Dr Stephen
Clayden, and finally Lorne Hollett, editor of Them Days, for
almost certainly identifying this mysterious word. An Innu elder, Peter
Armitage, thinks the word is an Anglicization of the Mushuau word
"Uinashtakai" which, when said aloud, could sound like wenastica. The
term refers to a soup made from the contents of the caribou stomach
mixed with the animal's blood, returned to the stomach, tied off and
allowed to dry into a cake-like substance resembling a blood pudding.
When boiling water is added with a bit of lard, a soup is made that is
gentle and nourishing for a starving human being. The context for
Leonidas Hubbard's use of the word suggests that he is in fact speaking
of this substance. [Return to text]
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