Claire Fisher on the Couch: Discourses of Female Subjectivity, Desire, and Teenage Angst in Six Feet Under
No getting away from it: Claire Fisher (Lauren Ambrose) is one
confused young woman. She takes drugs, is drawn to psychotically
dangerous young men, pinches a severed cadaver foot to place in a
classmate's locker for lovelorn reasons, may or may not be an arsonist,
drives around in that lime-green hearse (what's that all about?), and
has had an abortion. Critics share the opinion that she is acting
out—a teenage rebellion put down to the sudden death of the father
she had yet to know (Leonard 93; O'Hehir 6). Is it any wonder that the
troubled adolescent from the Home Box Office (HBO) series Six Feet
Under needs therapy? But are her "mistakes" Oedipal gaffes, or
indicative of wider problems facing young women in a postfeminist,
postpatriarchal world?
Sketched in this paper is how Six Feet Under comes to know
Claire—represents her sexuality, labels her behavior—through
therapy, as well as her attempts to resist subjection. It is no small
coincidence that Claire is obliged to explain herself in a professional
counselor's office at the moment she loses her virginity. Such an event
may at first be accompanied by a fantasy song-and-dance routine, where
our recently deflowered maiden muses on "What a Little Moonlight Can Do"
(a great deal apparently), but she now becomes ensnared in "clandestine,
circumscribed, and coded types of discourse" (Foucault 4). Despite the
series' general candidness about bodies, female sexuality remains
shrouded in taboo and silence. Underlying my argument here is the notion
that the series produces a contradictory female subject—between
introducing insurgent identities while revealing how modern American
Puritanism imposes its rules on the feminine—which it embeds right into
its dramatic structure. Other confessional television formats such as
daytime talk-shows are appropriated along with the American rewriting of
Freud's "talking cure" (taking such forms as self-help,
self-actualization, 12-step revisions, and counseling) that privileges
individual self-knowledge over patriarchal authority (Starker). Just as
the series confronts us "with the departure of the father who seems to
bear the phallus" (Tobin 87), Six Feet Under draws on the
individual-oriented therapies made popular during the anti-authoritarian
post–World War II period (Shattuc 114)—therapies that
transferred agency from expert to patient (Miller). Such discourses
proliferated as postwar American society busied itself with challenging
the patriarchal order—through Vietnam War protests; emancipatory
movements such as second-wave feminism, and gay and civil rights; and a
counterculture defined by popular music, New Age philosophies, and
experimentation in the arts. As a product of this history, Six Feet
Under is saturated with these anti-authoritarian social rules and
cultural values, but, like American culture itself, the show does not
embrace them fully. Simply put, Claire remains enclosed in power
relationships—the family, the therapist couch, the Six Feet
Under narrative structure—that compel her to endlessly talk
about her sexuality, justify her behavior, and communicate her most
intimate feelings.
Seasons 1 and 2 find Claire seeing the school guidance counselor,
Gary Deitman (David Norona). She is initially sent to him to explain why
she put a corpse's foot in a classmate's locker ("The Foot," episode 3).
Her justification of "protesting Footlocker's inability to sell a
decent-priced sneaker" appeases no one. But Claire's presence in this
clinical space reveals how female behavior bears the taint of
abnormality and is labeled dysfunctional precisely because the clinical
(male) space of the counselor's office defines it as such. Julia Sherman
detailed back in 1975 the ways in which psychoanalysis proved
detrimental to female patients: from promoting "dependency and
mystification [and] locating the problem and the blame within women" to
"providing a negative view of women [and] handy rationales for the
oppression of women" (Sturdivant 52). Is it any wonder that the series'
other female patient, "Charlotte," a fictionalized version of Brenda as
a child (Rachel Griffiths), resorts to barking at her therapist; or that
Claire is often reduced to a sulky silence?
Michel Foucault describes "the confession [as] a ritual of discourse
in which the speaking subject is also the subject of the statement"
(61). Modern times find confessional techniques appropriated by
disciplines like psychoanalysis in which truths related to Oedipal
desire and libidinal drives are central to eliciting essential truths
about the self. Yet, as Foucault further postulates, such presentations
of self unfold "within a power relationship," in which "the authority
who requires the confession, prescribes and appreciates it and
intervenes in order to judge, punish, forgive, console, and reconcile"
(61–62). If Foucault is to be believed, then Claire's guidance
counselor Gary is there to infer meaning, to solve dilemmas and heal
familial rifts. Immediately Gary asserts his dominance, making known
that interpretative power resides not with the one who speaks but "the
one who listens and says nothing" (Foucault 62), by inviting her mother
(Frances Conroy) along to join them ("An Open Book," episode 5). Claire
has no say in the matter—"I told her it wasn't my idea." Gary
deciphers for Ruth the reason for Claire's unhappiness—that she missed
out (but more on that later). Claire stops him: "No, you said that. I
told you I don't think there was a time when this family was ever
happy." Ruth and Claire start bickering while Gary sits back to listen
(a virtual position shared by the viewers). Letting the women
exhaustively rehearse their complaints reveals certain truths about this
mother-daughter alliance. But Ruth and Claire emerge as exhibiting
"signs of distress and mild clinical depression" (Ball and Poul 144)
precisely because what they say is read as troubling and difficult by
the secular interlocutor who desires to bring about an emotional
adjustment and modify female behavior.
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