Mary Pat Brady, "The Homoerotics of Immigration Control" (page 7 of 7)

There is and is not a linear movement between AB101, Prop. 187, Operation Gatekeeper, 3000-plus deaths, and Tom Tancredo's failed presidential campaign. Better we understand these terms and histories and discourses as a kind of assemblage with a powerful impact. Gay citizen-activists and many of the non-gay immigrant poor may see themselves as strange bedfellows, but their relationship is indeed an embedded one.

Endnotes

1. Leo R. Chavez, Covering Immigration: Popular Images and the Politics of the Nation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. [Return to text]

2. See Between Woman and Nation: Nationalism, Transnational Feminisms and the State. Ed. Norma Alarcón, Caren Kaplan, and Minoo Moallem. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999. [Return to text]

3. See, for example, the covers of Business Week, 23 June, 1980 and U.S. News and World Report, 29 January, 1979. [Return to text]

4. Consider, for example, the 19th century U.S. obsession with Mexico's mixed-race population. See Arnoldo De Leon, They Called Them Greasers: Anglo Attitudes toward Mexicans in Texas, 1821-1900. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983. Reginald Horseman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. Martha Menchaca, Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001. Shelley Streeby, American Sensations: Class, Race, and Production of Popular Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. [Return to text]

5. For a helpful summary of this material see Belinda Rincón, "Heroic Boys and Good Neighbors: Militarism, Gender, and State Formation in the Young Adult Fiction of María Cristina Mena." Unpublished manuscript. Curtis Marez, Drug Wars: The Political Economy of Narcotics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004. [Return to text]

6. Mary Pat Brady, "The Fungibility of Borders." Nepantla (Spring, 2000); Brady, Extinct Lands, Temporal Geographies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002. [Return to text]

7. Lionel Cantú, "A Place Called Home: A Queer Political Economy of Mexican Immigrant Men's Family Experiences." In Queer Families, Queer Politics: Challenging Culture and the State. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001; Juana María Rodríguez, Queer Latinidades. New York: NYU Press, 2003; Gayatri Gopinath, Impossible Desires: Queer Diasporas and South Asian Public Cultures. Durham: Duke University Press, 2005; Eithne Luibhéid, Entry Denied: Controlling Sexuality at the Border. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002. Luibhéid and Cantú, Queer Migrations: Sexuality, U.S. Citizenship, and Border Crossings. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005. Martin Manalanson, Global Divas: Filipino Gay Men in Diaspora. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003; Nayan Shah, Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco's Chinatown, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. [Return to text]

8. M. Jacqui Alexander, Pedagogies of Crossing. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005. [Return to text]

9. Alexander, 190. [Return to text]

10. See Otto Santa Ana, Brown Tied Rising: Metaphors of Latinos in Contemporary American Public Discourse. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002. Kent Ono and John M. Sloop, Shifting Borders: Rhetoric, Immigration, and California's Proposition 187. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002. [Return to text]

11. Robin Podolsky, "Stretching the World," LA Weekly, 15 November, 1991, 14; Doug Sadownick, "The Center Moves West," LA Weekly, 15 November 1991, 14; Moira Rachel Kenney, Mapping Gay L.A.: The Intersection of Place and Politics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001. Jane Gross, "California Governor, in Reversal, Signs a Bill on Gay Rights in Jobs," New York Times, 26 September, 1992. [Return to text]

12. Wilson may have inadvertently signaled the connection between AB101 and Proposition 187 when he complained, in a major public statement, that immigrants came to the U.S. because of its "perverse incentives" (i.e., social welfare programs). Qtd. in Calavita, 289. [Return to text]

13. See, Joseph Nevins, Operation Gatekeeper: The Rise of the 'Illegal Alien' and the Remaking of the U.S.-Mexico Boundary. New York: Routledge: 2001; Peter Andreas, Border Games: Policing the U.S.-Mexico Divide. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. [Return to text]

14. See Wayne A. Cornelius, "Controlling 'Unwanted' Immigration: Lessons from the United States, 1993-2004," Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31(4), July 2005: 775-794. He estimates deaths in the first ten years of Operation Gatekeeper to be nearly 3000. In the intervening four years many hundreds if not thousands more have died. [Return to text]

15. Evelyn Nieves. "Illegal Immigrant Death Rate Rises Sharply in Barren Areas." New York Times. 6 August, 2002. [Return to text]

16. Kitty Calavita, "The New Politics of Immigration: "Balanced-Budget Conservatism" and the Symbolism of Proposition 187." Social Problems 43:3 (August 1986): 284-305. [Return to text]

17. Jennifer Chacon, "Unsecured Borders: Immigration Restrictions, Crime Control and National Security." Connecticut Law Review 39: (July 2007). [Return to text]

18. Jose Muñoz, "Feeling Brown: Ethnicity and Affect in Ricardo Bracho's The Sweetest Hangover (and Other STDs)" Theatre Journal, 52:1 (March 2000): 67-79 68. [Return to text]

19. Alexander Zaitchik, "Christian' Nativism." Southern Poverty Law Center Intelligence Report. Winter 2006. [Return to text]

20. Frank Rich, "How Hispanics Became the New Gays" New York Times 11 June, 2006. [Return to text]

21. Secure Borders Coalition. [Return to text]

22. For a provocative discussion of this photo see Daniel E. Solís y Martínez: "Bodies of Civilization and Bodies of Desire: The Construction of Masculinities Between Day Laboring Men and the Men Who Hire Them," Culture Critique. 1:1. [Return to text]

23. David Brooks, "Two Steps Toward a Sensible Immigration Policy." New York Times 14 August, 2005. [Return to text]

24. Alexander, 226. [Return to text]

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