Tedra Osell, "Where Are the Women?: Pseudonymity and the Public Sphere, Then and Now<" (Page 3 of 4)
This brief historical sketch may sound very familiar to blog-savvy readers. The
dominance of political blogs looks like the early stages of canon
formation: newspapers and news magazines are, of course, most interested
in (and threatened by) political and news blogs, so those receive most
of the traditional media's attention. But as with the essay periodical,
one of blogging's main strengths lies in its ability to be both topical
and personal, to address a broader range of experience than that deemed
"newsworthy," to bring private experience into public view.
Bloggers
have been making these arguments for some time now, but focused study of
the genre has only just begun. My personal interest in blogging, along
with my academic interest in issues of periodicity, audience,
authorship, and genre, have led me to begin looking into the way they
resonate in this emerging form.
Because blogs are perceived as uniquely democratic—anyone who can
write can, theoretically, keep a blog—one of the main questions in
blogging is, Who blogs? And on what subjects?
These questions have even
been the focus of national legislation: in January, the reauthorized
Violence Against Women Act contained a provision making it illegal for
someone to use the Internet in order to "annoy" "without disclosing his
identity."[22] Bloggers
are concerned: does this mean that
anonymous or pseudonymous blogging could become illegal?[23]
At
this moment in history, concerns about security and civil rights
coincide with the rise of blogging to make pseudonymity a particularly
pressing issue. Given the historical association of pseudonymity with
women's writing, I began by asking: Do women, in fact, blog anonymously
more often than men?
In order to begin to address this question, I conducted an
exploratory survey of both male and female bloggers. I posted two
announcements on my own pseudonymous blog: one asked for women, the
other for men, willing to answer questions about their blogging. I
explained that I was particularly interested in the questions of who
blogged under their name and who blogged pseudonymously, and welcomed
responses from those who blogged with ungendered or cross-gendered
pseudonyms. I e-mailed survey questions to all who requested them.
Survey respondents were therefore self-selected from among a broad group
of bloggers and blog readers who are largely interested in gender and
academia; responses are therefore probably somewhat atypical in having a
heightened awareness of gender and self-presentation. Nonetheless, it
is a starting place. In fact, given the feminist inclinations of most
respondents, I would expect any distinction between men's and women's
answers to the survey to be magnified in the general population.
The survey asked respondents whether they were men or women; whether
they blogged under a pseudonym; whether this pseudonym was male, female,
or gender-neutral; whether their content was masculine, feminine, or
neutral (and how this was demonstrated); whether readers had mistaken
their gender; and whether readers had criticized their content in
specifically gendered terms. I also provided space for respondents to
add their own thoughts on gender and pseudonymity. I wanted to find out
if there was a marked difference between men's and women's tendency to
use pseudonyms, or in their reasons for doing so; if men and women
differed in their consciousness of expressing or masking gender in their
writing; whether they found that readers were conscious of gender cues
in their writing; and if so, whether this consciousness was generally
positive or negative.
Eventually, I received over 500 responses to the survey. This
article reports the results of the responses that were available at the
time I wrote it, twenty-seven of which were from men while 114 were from
women. One respondent identified as neither male nor female; this person
was in transition
between genders. One hundred and five of the 141 respondents used
pseudonyms. Seventy-eight percent of the men and 67 percent of the women
used pseudonyms. Five women reported using male pseudonyms; no men
reported using female pseudonyms. Forty-seven percent of all
pseudonymous bloggers reported that their pseudonyms were
gender-neutral. Forty-three percent of pseudonymous women and 34 percent
of pseudonymous men had ungendered pseudonyms. Most of these reported
that they had not deliberately chosen an ungendered pseudonym; however,
a few women reported that they had chosen ungendered or male pseudonyms
in order to preempt gendered criticism of their writing. No men
mentioned this being a concern, although some men did comment that they
had occasionally felt their opinions were dismissed or minimized (for
example, on feminist issues) because they were men.
The distinction between the gender of respondents' pseudonyms and the
gender of their content reflects the fact that, according to the
bloggers surveyed, most gender-neutral pseudonyms were chosen
accidentally. That is, they realized that their pseudonyms were not
clearly gendered, but had not thought about this when they began
blogging. Ninety-two percent of pseudonymous women reported that their
content was clearly feminine: for instance, they discussed
pregnancy, their husbands, their concerns as women in academia, and so
on. Only one woman reported deliberately avoiding mentioning anything
that could be gendered in order to guard her privacy and ensure that her
writing was read without gender bias.
In contrast, only 65 percent of male pseudonymous bloggers thought
that their content was explicitly masculine. I have not confirmed
whether the 35 percent of pseudonymous men who reported that their
content was gender-neutral were accurate in their assessment; one
commented that he had never considered whether his gender was reflected
in his writing and that therefore he assumed it was neutral, and two
men reported neutrality but also said that they mentioned their wives
(one resolved this apparent contradiction by explaining that "nowadays,
that doesn't necessarily mean anything").
Both men and women reported occasionally having readers mistake
their gender. Men and women alike reported that a minority of these
mistakes were offensive, although more women than men found their gender
being used to cast aspersions on their content. One man reported having
his opinions dismissed as "typically male"; fifteen women reported
having their writing criticized in gendered terms.
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