Mandisa Mbali,
"Women in South African AIDS Activism:
Towards a Feminist Economic and Political Agenda to Address the Epidemic"
(page 8 of 8)
Concluding remarks
In this paper I have explored women's roles in AIDS activism in
post-apartheid South Africa. I have discussed how women AIDS activists
have addressed sexism, and I have set out a tentative advocacy agenda
for gender justice in economic policy for a country facing a serious and
entrenched epidemic. I have proceeded from the assumption that promoting
a feminist political agenda is a precondition for promoting an economic
agenda focused on gender justice in the context of a serious AIDS
epidemic. Poor women's economic interests cannot be promoted by
organizations that do not allow them to compete for leadership
positions, or to challenge established modus operandi when those
entrench sexism.
While women AIDS activists have contested the sexism in their
organizations, sexism has acted as a barrier to their appointment to
leadership positions within AIDS NGOs. I have made a call for the reform
of economic policies that adversely impact poor South African women's
lives as they have also disproportionately borne the impact of the
epidemic.
I have described the historical and political barriers to women's
rights work in South Africa such as the racial diversions in the
country, how loyalty to an organization or party inhibits women's
ability to mount feminist challenges to a political entity's mode of
operation, and women's voicelessness in the wider culture. I have also
discussed how violence against women inhibits their participation in
public, vocal AIDS activism, particularly when women activists reveal
that they are living with H.I.V. I have described the ways in which most
women's relative poverty makes them vulnerable to social drivers of new
infections such as rape and transactional sex with multiple partners. I
have also called for a reduction in the cost of second-line regimens
through the greater production and importation of generic medicines,
because poor women in developing countries disproportionately bear the
burden of caring for those who are ill with AIDS and for orphaned
children. Finally, I have discussed how the global economic recession is
already having an adverse impact on the financing of women's-rights work
around AIDS and on programs to expand access to H.I.V. treatment.
Feminist AIDS activists must point out that it is poor women who will
bear the impact of these cutbacks, and that unpaid caregiving
work is far from "free" for those who undertake it.
To some extent, the sexism in AIDS NGOs is a reflection of the
persistence of the phenomenon in South Africa's wider political culture,
economy and society. It is important not to portray women as helpless
victims in the epidemic. South African women AIDS activists have
successfully demanded the ability to contest fairly for leadership
positions, and have increasingly asserted feminist agendas within the
mixed-gender organizations they belong to, as the example of the TAC
shows. In this context, the present moment in South Africa is one of
great potential risk and reward for the advancement of women's rights in
the midst of a serious gendered AIDS epidemic. While the new
administration of Jacob Zuma has made proposals that may prove promising
in terms of addressing economic inequality in the country in ways that
could advance the rights of poor women, the recession and the
persistence of sexism in South African political culture are potential
threats to the advancement of a feminist agenda by the new
administration. In the post-apartheid period, women AIDS activists have
addressed the economic, political and social aspects of their oppression
as they relate to the epidemic in changing ways. It remains to be seen
how and whether they will successfully navigate a path to promote a
feminist agenda within AIDS activist organizations through the waves of
change caused by the global recession and the country's new political
leadership.
Bibliography
African National Congress. 2009 Election Manifesto: Working
Together We Can Do More. 2009. Available at
www.anc.org.za.
Akintola, O. "A gendered analysis of the burden of care on family and
volunteer care givers in Uganda and South Africa." Durban: Health
Economics and AIDS Research Division, 2004.
AVERT. "AIDS, drug prices and generic drugs." 2009. Available at
www.avert.org/generic.htm.
Benjamin, S. "The feminization of poverty in post-apartheid South
Africa: A story told by the women of Bayview, Chatsworth." Journal of
Developing Societies 23 (2007): 175-206.
Bozzoli, B. "Marxism, feminism and South African studies." Journal
of Southern African Studies 9. 2 (1983): 139-171.
Britton, H. and J. Fish. "Engendering civil society in democratic
South Africa." In H. Britton, J. Fish and S. Meintjies, eds. Women's
Activism in South Africa: Working Across Divides. Scottsville:
University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2009.
Budlender, D. Expectations Versus Realities in Gender-Responsive
Budget Initiatives. Geneva: UNRISD. Available at
www.gender-budgets.org/content/view/144/153/.
Davis, A. Women, Race & Class. London: The Women's Press,
1981.
Dunkle, K.L., et al. "Gender-based violence, relationship power, and
risk of H.I.V. infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South
Africa." Lancet 363 (2004): 1415-1421.
Epstein, H. The Invisible Cure: Africa, the West and the Fight
Against AIDS. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007.
Ferber, M.A., and J.A. Nelson. "Introduction: The social construction
of economics and the social construction of gender." In M.A. Ferber and
J.A. Nelson. Beyond Economic Man: Feminist Theory and Economics.
Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1993:1-22.
Gharib, A., and J. Lobe. "Obama's global health plan disappoints
activists." IPS News, 5 May 2009. Available at
ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=46734.
Govender, P. Love and Courage: A Story of Insubordination.
Sunnyside: Jacana Press, 2007.
Hassim, S. Women's Organizations and Democracy in South Africa:
Contesting Authority. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal
Press, 2006.
Hunter, M. "The materiality of everyday sex: Thinking beyond
prostitution." African Studies 61. 1 (2002): 99-120.
Lowe Morna, C. "South Africa: Jobs for the girls or gender equality
for SA?" 15 May 2009. Available at
www.pambazuka.org/en/category/wgender/56307.
Mbali, M., and C. Connor. "South African AIDS activism: A feminist
view." In C. Clark, A. Holmes, L. VeneKlasen and E. Win, eds. Women
Navigate Power: Stories About Claiming Our Rights. Johannesburg:
Action Aid International, 2007: 49-74.
Mohanty, C.T. Feminism Without Borders: Decolonizing Theory,
Practicing Solidarity. Durham and London: Duke University Press,
2003.
Mthembu, P. Testimonials Project on H.I.V./AIDS-Related Stigma and
Discrimination: Young Women Living with H.I.V./AIDS Have Rights Too.
2001. Available at
www.abanet.org/AIDS/testimonials/mthembu.html.
Nattrass, N. "The state of the economy: A crisis of employment." In
J. Daniel, A. Habib and R. Southall, eds. State of the Nation: South
Africa 2003-2004. Cape Town: HSRC Press, 2003: 141-57.
Parker, W., et al. Concurrent Sexual Partnerships Amongst Young
Adults in South Africa: Challenges for H.I.V. Prevention
Communication. Johannesburg: CADRE, 2007.
Piliso, S. "Government to ease job seekers' plight." The Times
19 April 2009. Available at
www.thetimes.co.za/PrintEdition/News/Article.aspx?id=983383.
Pilitza, K. "Global financial crisis leads to H.I.V. budget cut."
IPS News 18 May 2009. Available at
www.ipsnews.net/africa/nota.asp?idnews=46882.
Pronyk, P.M., et al. "Effect of a structural intervention for the
prevention of intimate partner violence and H.I.V. in rural South
Africa: Results of a cluster randomized trial." The Lancet 368
(2006): 1973-1983.
Rank, F. "TAC financial crisis means big job losses." The
Times 30 Nov 2008. Available at www.aegis.com/news/suntimes/2008/ST081107.html.
Shisana, O., et al. South African National H.I.V. Prevalence,
H.I.V. Incidence, Behaviour and Communication Survey. Cape Town:
HSRC Press, 2005.
South Africa Department of Education. International Conference on
Education, 25-28 November 2008: South Africa: National Report on the
Development of Education. Pretoria: Department of Education, 2008.
Available at www.education.gov.za.
South Africa Department of Health. Report: The National HIV and
Syphilis Prevalence Survey, South Africa, 2007. Pretoria: HSRC Press
(2007). Available at
www.doh.gov.za/docs/reports-f.html.
Spivak, G. "Can the subaltern speak?" In C. Nelson and L. Grossberg,
eds. Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Basingstoke:
Macmillan Education, 1988, pp. 66-111.
Stephen, J. "Saints and Sinners: The Treatment Action Campaign." In
K. Cullinan and A. Thom, eds. The Virus, Vitamins & Vegetables: The
South African H..IV./AIDS Mystery. Sunnyside: Jacana, 2009: 157-174.
Statistics South Africa (StatsSA). Census 2001: Census in
Brief. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa, 2003.
Statistics South Africa (StatsSA). "Labour Force Survey Historical
Revision, September Series 2000-2007." Pretoria: StatsSA, 2009.
Available at
www.statssa.gov.za.
Susser, I. AIDS, Sex and Culture: Global Politics and Survival in
Southern Africa. Malden, MA, Oxford and Chicester: Wiley Blackwell,
2009.
Treatment Action Campaign. H.I.V. Is Not in Recession! TB Is Not
in Recession! Press release, June 5, 2009. Available at
http://www.tac.org.za/community/node/2545?.
UNAIDS. 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Geneva:
UNAIDS, 2009. Available at
www.unaids.org.
Walker, C. Women and Resistance in South Africa. New York:
Monthly Review Press, 1991.
Walsh, D. "Citizenship, gender and civil society in South Africa." In
H. Britton, J. Fish and S. Meintjes, eds. Women's Activism in South
Africa: Working Across Divides. Scottsville: University of
KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2009.
WHO, UNICEF and UNAIDS. Towards Universal Access: Scaling Up
Priority H.I.V./AIDS Interventions in the Health Sector. Progress Report
2008. Geneva: WHO, 2008.
Womankind. "Who pays the price? The impact of the global economic
recession on women in developing countries." 2009. Available at
www.awid.org/eng/Issues-and-Analysis/Library/Who-pays-the-price.
Interviews with key informants
Interview, April 27, 2005.
Interview, April 26, 2005.
Endnotes
1. Inquest No. KwaMashu CAS 375: 12: 98, p. 18. The AIDS Law Project
kindly sent the author a copy of this inquest in 2004. [Return to text]
Page: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8
|